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What does RAN means?
As per my understanding RAN = CU + DU + RU. It doesn't include UEs and core network.
As per my understanding RAN = CU + DU + RU. It doesn’t include UEs and core network.
See lessHow/Where w.r.to time and frequency domain in Frame structure different phy channels get allocated ?
In 5G channel allocation is very flexible unlike 4G in both time and frequency. SSBurst/PBCH can be allocated anywhere in the frequency, it need not to be allocated at the center of the carrier. It also has multiple locations in time. PDCCH is normally at the start of the slot in symbol 0,1,2 but neRead more
In 5G channel allocation is very flexible unlike 4G in both time and frequency.
Ofcourse there are certain rules for resource allocation for physical channels in 5G, but allocation comes with huge flexibility.
See lessBenefits of HetNet Structure
The HetNet structure offers several benefits over traditional cellular networks, including: Improved coverage and capacity:Â By combining multiple types of wireless networks, HetNet structures can provide seamless coverage and capacity across a wide range of environments, including indoor and outdoorRead more
The HetNet structure offers several benefits over traditional cellular networks, including:
Source: Internet
See lessWhat is RRH
RRH stands for Remote Radio Head. It is a type of equipment used in wireless communication systems, particularly in cellular networks. A RRH is a radio transceiver that is typically located on a tower or other tall structure, and is connected to a baseband unit (BBU) via a fiber optic cable. RRH isRead more
RRH stands for Remote Radio Head. It is a type of equipment used in wireless communication systems, particularly in cellular networks. A RRH is a radio transceiver that is typically located on a tower or other tall structure, and is connected to a baseband unit (BBU) via a fiber optic cable.
RRH is a separate unit from the Baseband Unit (BBU), which is responsible for processing the signals, while the RRH is responsible for transmitting and receiving the radio signals to and from mobile devices. This separation of the radio functions from the baseband functions allows for more efficient use of the network resources and more flexibility in network deployment.
The RRH is usually mounted near the antenna to reduce transmission line losses. The RRHÂ has two parts, a transmit part and a receive part.
The transmit part usually consists of a DAC, Mixer, Power Amplifier and Filters. A digital signal is received via a CPRI interface, converted to analog, upconverted to an RF Frequency, amplified, filtered and then sent out via an antenna.
The Receive part consists of a filter, Low Noise Amplifier, Mixer and an ADC. It receives a signal from the antenna, filters it, amplifies it, down-converts it to an IF Frequency and then converts it to a digital signal, before sending it out via the CPRI to a fiber for further processing.

See lessBTS in 5G?
BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station. In the context of 5G, a BTS is a type of equipment that is used to provide wireless cellular service in a specific geographic area. It typically consists of radio transceivers and antennas that are used to transmit and receive signals between mobile devices aRead more
BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station.
In the context of 5G, a BTS is a type of equipment that is used to provide wireless cellular service in a specific geographic area. It typically consists of radio transceivers and antennas that are used to transmit and receive signals between mobile devices and the cellular network.
It typically consists of the following components:
The BTS is an important component of 5G networks, as it provides the coverage and capacity needed to support the high data rates and low latency of 5G services.

See lessWhere and when to send PRACH request?
In 5G New Radio (NR) cellular networks, the User Equipment (UE) still uses random access to initiate communication with the network. However, the PRACH process has been updated to include several new features and enhancements. In 5G NR, the UE decides when to send a PRACH request based on various faRead more
In 5G New Radio (NR) cellular networks, the User Equipment (UE) still uses random access to initiate communication with the network. However, the PRACH process has been updated to include several new features and enhancements.
In 5G NR, the UE decides when to send a PRACH request based on various factors such as its own traffic requirements, the state of the network, and the availability of resources. For example, the UE may decide to send a PRACH request when it needs to initiate a new session or when it wants to send data. The UE may also send a PRACH request periodically to maintain its connection with the network.
The UE also decides where to send the PRACH request by selecting a preamble from a set of preambles that are defined by the network. The preambles in 5G NR are grouped into different subsets, and the UE selects the appropriate subset based on the current network conditions and its own capabilities. The UE also selects a specific preamble from within the selected subset based on its own random choice.
In 5G NR the PRACH resources are divided into different frequency-time locations called “PRACH occasion”, and each of them have different characteristics like the number of preambles available and the maximum transmit power. The UE should select the appropriate PRACH occasion based on the current network conditions and its own capabilities.
In summary, in 5G NR, the UE still decides when to send PRACH request based on its own requirements, and also decide where to send the PRACH request by selecting a preamble from a set of preambles defined by the network and selecting the appropriate PRACH occasion based on the current network conditions and its own capabilities.
See lessNoise in communications systems
Not all noise are additive in nature. Only thermal noise is additive in communication. Thermal noise, also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise, is caused by the random motion of electrons in a conductor. This type of noise is considered additive because it is independent of the signal being transmitted,Read more
Not all noise are additive in nature. Only thermal noise is additive in communication.
Thermal noise, also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise, is caused by the random motion of electrons in a conductor. This type of noise is considered additive because it is independent of the signal being transmitted, and it is present even in the absence of any signal. The noise is related to the temperature of the conductor and the bandwidth of the receiver. It is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise, which means that it is uniformly distributed across the frequency spectrum and has a Gaussian probability density function.
Modeling thermal noise as additive makes it possible to separate it from the signal using techniques such as filtering and error correction, and it is easy to mathematically analyze and understand in communication systems. Additionally, additive noise is also a good model for many other sources of noise which is independent of the signal, such as radio frequency interference and crosstalk.
What are the Bearers and Events in LTE?
In Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, a "bearer" is a logical channel that is used to transport data between the mobile device and the network. There are two types of bearers in LTE: dedicated bearers and default bearers. A dedicated bearer is a unique, dedicated connection that is established betwRead more
In Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, a “bearer” is a logical channel that is used to transport data between the mobile device and the network. There are two types of bearers in LTE: dedicated bearers and default bearers. A dedicated bearer is a unique, dedicated connection that is established between the mobile device and the network for a specific application or service. A default bearer, on the other hand, is a shared connection that is used by multiple applications or services on the device.
An “event” in LTE refers to a specific occurrence or change in the network or on a mobile device that triggers a particular action or response. Examples of events in LTE include a change in radio conditions, the arrival of a new packet, or the expiration of a timer. Events can be triggered by the network or by the mobile device, and they are used to control various aspects of the LTE system, such as handover, scheduling, and resource allocation.
See lessMajor challenges in 5G
There are several challenges that need to be addressed in order to fully deploy 5G networks: Spectrum allocation: 5G networks require a large amount of spectrum in order to support the increased data rates and number of connected devices. Governments and regulatory bodies need to allocate and licensRead more
There are several challenges that need to be addressed in order to fully deploy 5G networks:
Spectrum allocation: 5G networks require a large amount of spectrum in order to support the increased data rates and number of connected devices. Governments and regulatory bodies need to allocate and license sufficient spectrum in order to support 5G deployment.
See lessNetwork infrastructure: Building out the necessary infrastructure for 5G networks, such as cell towers and backhaul, can be costly and time-consuming.
Interoperability: 5G networks are expected to be more complex than previous generation networks, with multiple frequency bands and multiple network technologies in use. Ensuring that different devices, networks, and technologies can work together seamlessly is a major challenge.
Security: 5G networks are expected to be more secure than previous generation networks, but new security threats and vulnerabilities are also expected to emerge. Ensuring the security of 5G networks is a major challenge that needs to be addressed.
Battery life: 5G devices will consume more power than 4G devices due to the increased data rate and number of connected devices. This could cause issues with the battery life of 5G devices.
Cost: Deploying 5G networks and devices can be expensive, and the cost of these devices will likely be passed on to consumers.
Coverage: The higher frequency bands that 5G networks operate on have a shorter range than lower frequency bands, making it more challenging to provide coverage to remote and rural areas.
What will 6G bring?
6G is the next generation of wireless technology that is currently under development. It is expected to build upon the capabilities of 5G, which is the current generation of wireless technology, by providing even faster speeds, lower latency, and improved reliability. Some of the potential benefitsRead more
6G is the next generation of wireless technology that is currently under development. It is expected to build upon the capabilities of 5G, which is the current generation of wireless technology, by providing even faster speeds, lower latency, and improved reliability.
Some of the potential benefits of 6G include:
It’s worth noting that 6G is still in its early stages of development and the actual implementation and benefits may vary.
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