In this post, we will discuss everything about the cyclic prefix. In order to understand cyclic prefix let’s first revise our concepts about OFDM and signal processing. When a device transmits a signal, it may or may not reach directly to the receiver as it goes over a wire. The receiver receives multiple copies of … More Cyclic Prefix in 4G/5G: What & Why?
Let’s first understand why we need such a module in 5G. Rate matching gets you the exact number of bits after channel encoding that are being transmitted. Let’s assume we have some resources allocated for a particular channel and we also know the information bits to be transmitted on these resources. When we say resources … More Rate-matching in 5G: What & Why?
A common question, most telecom experts are interested in is, the maximum data rate supported. These numbers are unrealistic in real life. Data rate calculations are different in 4G and 5G. In this post, we will calculate and understand the maximum data rate. Let’s start with downlink with a single PRB. Irrespective of bandwidth & … More 5G NR data rate calculation
Several options for splitting RAN functions have been proposed by 3GPP, going from option 1 to option 8. Every split function has its own pros and cons. It turns out that the 7.2x split offers the best balance between RU complexity and inter-cell cooperation (Read more here: Why most of the telecom companies are interested … More RAN 7.3 functional Split
Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) enables UEs to report channel state information to the network. These signals are used for beamforming support and can be configured either beam specific or UE specific. The resource elements carrying the CSI-RS can be configured to be either Zero Power CSI-RS (ZP-CSI-RS) or Non Zero Power CSI-RS (NZP-CSI-RS). … More Zero Power CSI-RS (ZP-CSI-RS) in 5G NR
Several options for splitting RAN functions have been proposed by 3GPP. There are 8 splits proposed going from option 1 (higher layer split) to option 8 (lower layer split). A fully centralized architecture (Option 8) has the benefit of cost reduction due to a fewer number of sites hosting RAN functions but requires high fronthaul … More Why most of the telecom companies are interested in RAN 7.2x functional split?
In 4G and 5G bits after channel encoding are scrambled with a pseudo random sequence of bits. The output of the channel encoder can theoretically be same with other interfering signal which may lead to failure of decoding at the receiver end. This scrambling module adds extra randomness to the encoded bits which provides coding … More Scrambling in 5G. What and Why?
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